Rift valley fever rvf is an acute febrile arthropodborne viral disease of man and animals caused by a member of the phlebovirus genus, one of the five genera in the family bunyaviridae. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, and virus replication in domestic ruminant results in high rates. Headache, intolerance to light photophobia, muscle pain, loss of appetite, and prostration are common symptoms. Cdc pdf pdf pdf 1 page poster 11x16 cdc pdf pdf 1 page. There are several genetic lineages of this virus, some of which may cocirculate, in endemic regions. Kariuki njenga, bvm, phd centers for disease control and prevention nairobi, kenya. The occurrence of non immune animal populations every 525years combined with the introduction of rvf due to. Rift valley fever rvf national center for emerging and zoonotic infectious diseases division of highconsequence pathogens and pathology dhcpp rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fever causing viral disease most commonly observed in domesticated animals such as cattle, buffalo. Rift valley fever is a potentially fatal disease affecting both humans and domestic animals. The disease is caused by rvf virus rvfv, a member of the genus phlebovirus in the family bunyaviridae. Adobe also created the adobe reader, a free program, which is used to open and read pdf files.
If you want to learn all about the symptoms, treatments, and vaccine for rift. Rift valley fever rvf, a mosquitoborne disease affecting ruminants and. Rift valley fever, viral infection of animals that is transmissible to humans and causes a febrile illness of short duration. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is a zoonotic arbovirus that causes. Rift valley fever rvf is a viral disease most commonly seen in domesticated animals in subsaharan africa, such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels. To date, no humantohuman transmission of rvf virus has been. In newborn animals, it can be as short as 12 hours. Jan 30, 20 effect of temperature the virus can remain viable for up to 4 months at 4o c. An outbreak of rift valley fever virus rvfv infection affected sheep, goats, cattle and wildlife on farms within free state, eastern cape, northern cape, western cape, mpumalanga, north west, and gauteng provinces. Rift valley fever virus glycoproteins, key to entry and. One such threat is the accidental or deliberate introduction of rift valley fever virus rvfv. Reservoir aedes mosquitoes humans are infected through. Rift valley fever virus proteins imitate human dna repair factors, say university of montreal scientists.
The disease is caused by rift valley fever virus rvfv, of the family bunyaviridae. Effect of temperature the virus can remain viable for up to 4 months at 4o c. After periods of heavy rainfall and flooding, an increased number of rvf virusinfected mosquitos may hatch and pass virus to people and animals. Rift valley fever is unique in that its emergence is closely linked to interannual climate variability. Rift valley fever virus article about rift valley fever. Jun 23, 2017 the portable document format pdf is an innovative idea that was created by adobe systems incorporated. System progressove protection virus took over my system.
Another commonly known bunyaviridae virus is the hantavirus. People who work with, or butcherhandle raw meat from, potentiallyinfected animals in rvfendemic areas areas where the virus is known to occur have an increased risk for infection. Outbreaks or infections have been reported sporadically in egypt and various islands off the coast of africa e. You can spread the virus even if you dont have symptoms. An unexpected recurrent transmission of rift valley fever virus in. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fever causing viral disease most commonly observed in domesticated animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, with the ability to infect and cause illness in humans. The recombinant rvf viruses, generated using a plasmidbased reverse genetics system, can be used as vaccines to prevent rvf infection in livestock and humans. Spread from person to person has not been documented. Animal id peak fever day pc duration of fever euthanasia 67 41. The rift valley fever rvf virus, an rna virus in the genus phlebovirus family bunyaviridae, is found throughout most of africa and is endemic in southern and eastern africa, where outbreaks. It is an enveloped virus containing a capsid and singlestranded rna genome. Viruses riboviria negarnaviricota polyploviricotina ellioviricetes bunyavirales phenuiviridae phlebovirus rift valley fever phlebovirus virus hosts i.
Rift valley fever virus journal of the american veterinary. Rift valley fever is unique in that its emergence is closely linked to. Specimens stored below 0o c will retain infectivity for 8 years. Synonyms for rift valley fever virus in free thesaurus. Rift valley fever rvf is a viral zoonotic disease belonging to the family bunyaviridae in the phlebovirus genus, possessing a segmented negative sense rna genome. The disease has an episodic occurrence reemerging ever 525 years and is seasonal in its occurrence. Portable document format pdf is an innovative idea that was created by adobe systems incorporated. Rift valley fever rvf is an emerging zoonotic disease distributed in subsaharan african countries and the arabian peninsula. In the south and central deserts of arizona and the central valley of california, valley fever should be a familiar phrase to clinicians and patients alike.
Department of pathology, microbiology, and immunology, school of veterinary medicine, university of california, davis, ca 95616. Rift valley fever virus ecology this infographic describes rift valley fever rvf virus ecology and how rvf infects livestock and humans. The pathogenesis of rift valley fever pubmed central pmc. Potential effects of rift valley fever in the united states. Rift valley fever outbreak in mayotte, france 7 march 2019 ecdc. Kariuki njenga, bvm, phd centers for disease control and prevention. Shown to suppress virusinduced apoptosis in vitro other functions unknown g1, g2. The virus is carried by deer mice and can kill people who have been exposed to it.
Pdf not much is known about rift valley fever in wildlife ruminants but serological findings indicate that many species are susceptible. Rift valley fever importance iowa state university. The disease is caused by the rift valley fever virus rvfv of the family bunyaviridae and the genus phlebovirus. Cause of infertility, abortions, stillbirths, and multiple congenital abnormalities in sheep. Rvfv is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes large outbreaks among ruminants and humans in africa and the arabian peninsula. Rift valley fever results from infection by the rift valley fever virus, an rna virus in the genus phlebovirus in the family bunyaviridae. This could include animal herdsmen and farmers, abattoir slaughterhouse workers, veterinarians, and other people who work with animals and animal products.
Like rift valley fever, says anyamba, hanta virus is correlated with rainfall. Rift valley fever virus is responsible for outbreaks in livestock in africa and can also be fatal in humans. Role of culex and anopheles mosquito species as potential. The rift valley fever virus is susceptible to low ph, lipid solvents and detergents, ether, chloroform and solutions of sodium or calcium hypochlorite with a residual chlorine content greater than 5000 ppm. Dec 09, 2019 nipah and rift valley fever the who recently named both these zoonotic diseases as some of the most dangerous emerging pathogens likely to cause severe outbreaks with a fatality rate as high as 75%. Rift valley fever rvf virus is an arbovirus in the bunyaviridae family that, from phylogenetic analysis, appears to have first emerged in the mid19th century and was only identified at the.
For the purpose of the terrestrial code, rvf is defined as an infection of ruminants with rift valley fever virus rvfv. Mild illness typically presents after an incubation. Introduction to rift valley fever world health organization. Although outbreaks are most common in southern and eastern africa, they also occur in other regions. Some documents are presented in portable document format pdf. Risk of importation of rift valley fever rvf virus and further spread of. Special pathogens branch, division of viral and rickettsial diseases, centers for disease control and prevention, atlanta, ga 30333.
The virus in serum, inactivated by 56c for 120 minutes rift valley fever virus in aerosols has a half life in excess of 77 minutes at 25o c and 30 percent relative humidity. Rift valley fever virus is a risk group 3 pathogen according to. Cache valley virus cvv is a member of the order bunyavirales, genus orthobunyavirus, and serogroup bunyamwera, which was first isolated in 1956 from culiseta inornata mosquitos collected in utahs cache valley. As of 29 march 2010, about 78 farms reported laboratoryconfirmed animal cases, with extensive livestock deaths. Mosquitoes are both a reservoir and vector for rvfv, which means that they can maintain virus for life and transmit it to their offspring via eggs. This disease is caused by a mosquitoborne virus of the family. Rfv was in fact worked on in the 1960s at uct in the. In nonendemic or diseasefree countries, early detection and. May 06, 2011 rift valley fever rvf is an emerging zoonotic disease distributed in subsaharan african countries and the arabian peninsula. The virus infects many large domestic animals and a wide variety of mosquito species, with sheep, cattle, buffaloes.
As of 4 march 2010, 15 farms 14 farms in fsp, and 1 farm in colesberg district ncp reported laboratoryconfirmed animal cases, with extensive livestock deaths reported. Rift valley fever fact sheet centers for disease control. Rift valley fever virus proteins imitate human dna repair. A new virus carried by programs embedded in adobes pdf file format files raises concerns that the format itself could become susceptible to viruses. Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the cdc website the centers for disease control and prevention cdc cannot attest to the accuracy of a nonfederal website. Many of the related bunyaviridae viruses can cause fever and encephalitis. Novel rift valley fever virus vaccines this invention relates to recombinant rift valley fever rvf viruses containing deletions in one or more virulence genes.
Rift valley fever virus pcrmax ltdtm qpcr test 150 tests for general laboratory and research use only quantification of rift valley fever virus genomes 1 advanced kit. Larger image an early warning system, more than a decade in development, successfully predicted the 20062007 outbreak of the deadly rift valley fever in northeast africa, according to a new study led by nasa scientists. The virus which causes rvf belongs to the genus phlebovirus in the family bunyaviridae. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fevercausing viral disease most commonly observed in domesticated animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, with the ability to infect and cause illness in humans. The national center for foreign animal and zoonotic disease defense fazd center was founded in april 2004 to defend the united states from fazd threats. Rift valley fever is a viral infection that is most common in domesticated animals but can also affect humans as well. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, and virus replication in domestic ruminant results in high rates of mortality and abortion. Development and assessment of a geographic knowledgebased. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is a mosquitoborne pathogen of livestock and humans that has historically been responsible for widespread outbreaks of severe livestock and human disease throughout africa and the western arabian peninsula 1. Recently, a rift valley fever virus rvfv outbreak in the arabian peninsula increased its potential spread to new regions worldwide. The neurotropic adaptation of the virus and the experimental use of this modified virus as a vaccine.
Clinical signs the clinical signs of rift valley fever vary with species and age. The disease has an episodic occurrence reemerging ever 525 years and is seasonal in its occurrence 1. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is one of the most important members of the. Human infections have also resulted from the bites of infected mosquitoes. Rvfv belongs to the bunyaviridae family within the genus phlebovirus.
The introduction of rift valley fever rvf virus rvfv is the most significant arthropodborne animal disease threat to u. Rift valley fever virus uses host proteins in replication. People can get rvf through contact with blood, body fluids, or tissues of infected animals, or through bites from infected mosquitoes. Rift valley fever virus synonyms, rift valley fever virus. Transmission in nature, rvf virus maintains itself in aedes mosquitoes eggs and in a cycle involving mosquitoes and livestock. A number of challenges exist for the control and prevention of rvf in the areas of vaccines, diagnostics, epidemiology, and entomology. The rift valley fever virus is endemic in africa south of the sahara desert. Rift valley fever virus an overview sciencedirect topics. Linking to a nonfederal website does not constitute an endorsement by cdc or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Rvf is responsible of explosive outbreaks of severe disease in domestic animals. Rift valley fever virus rvfv was first isolated in 1930 from sheep during an epizootic causing abortion and death in the rift valley near lake niavasha, kenya, but is present from south africa to egypt. Novel rift valley fever virus vaccines office of technology.
Rift valley fever is a notifiable disease and should be reported. Just wondered if you can find that horrible hoax and maybe prevent some other poor soul from going through what i went. This article has been cited by other articles in pmc. The incubation period for rift valley fever is up to 3 days in sheep, cattle, goats, and dogs. Just wondered if you can find that horrible hoax and maybe prevent some other poor soul from going through what i went through. Hanta virus outbreaks in the american southwest could be monitored in this way. Topological mapping of antigenic sites on the rift valley. Potential effects of rift valley fever in the united. It was an interesting week, what with a rift valley fever virus rvfv outbreak in south africa associated with two human deaths and an excellent journal club presentation thanks, liezl.
Rvf virus rvfv is transmitted between animals and human by mosquitoes, particularly those belonging to the culex, anopheles and aedes genera 1, 2. Spreading via arthropods, symptoms in humans include fever, headache and liver abnormalities. The causative agent of rvf, the rvf virus rvfv, has the capacity to cause large and severe outbreaks in animal and human populations and to cross significant natural geographic barriers. Rift valley fever is a mosquitoborne zoonotic disease of domestic ruminants. Scientists have characterized the mechanism used by the virus to insert one of its. Nipah and rift valley fever the who recently named both these zoonotic diseases as some of the most dangerous emerging pathogens likely. In sheep and cattle, it is also known as infectious enzootic hepatitis. Rift valley fever virus can be grown in numerous cell lines including baby hamster kidney cells, monkey kidney vero cells, chicken embryo related cer cells and ap61 mosquito cell lines, as well as in primary kidney or testis cultures from calves or lambs.
There is an ongoing outbreak of rift valley fever virus rvfv infection affecting sheep, goats and cattle on farms within free state fsp and northern cape ncp provinces. Research molecular epidemiology of rift valley fever virus. Rift valley fever rvf is a mosquitoborne zoonotic viral disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants, camels and humans. The current rift valley fever rvf outbreak in niger does not pose a new risk. Nov 05, 2009 rift valley fever virus rvfv, which belongs to the genus phlebovirus, family bunyaviridae, is a negativestranded rna virus carrying a tripartite rna genome. Rift valley fever is caused by a ribonucleic acid rna virus in the genus phlebovirus of the family bunyaviridae. They can include fever, loss of appetite, weakness, and death within 36 hours in lambs. An arthropodborne primarily mosquito, acute, febrile, viral disease of humans and numerous species of animals.
Nipah and rift valley fever mnn mother nature network. Pdf on may 1, 2009, brian h bird and others published rift valley fever virus find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Cache valley virus occasional cause of abortion outbreaks in sheep. R ift valley fever rvf is an acute disease of domestic ruminants in africa and the arabian peninsula. It is estimated that over 50,000 persons each year, or approximately 1% of the population within the most endemic regions, seek medical care for newly acquired valley fever infections. A panel of 17 monoclonal antibodies mabs to the g1 and g2 envelope glycoproteins of rift valley fever rvf virus were used to analyze the topography and functional properties of the viral antigenic sites. Four heterogeneous antigenic regions which may be interlinked were identified on the g1 protein and four distinct domains on the g2 protein by competitive binding assays. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is a vectorborne disease of sheep, cattle and goats which humans are susceptible to. This disease causes abortions in pregnant animals, and it has a high mortality rate in newborn animals. What you need to know about rift valley fever rvf with good knowledge and good information, we can prevent people and animals from getting rift valley fever.